Critical Review Of Al-Qa’ida, Past and Present: Operational Structure And Insurgency Strategies – Analysis

**Introduction **

Al-Qa'ida, founded in 1988 during the Soviet-Afghan War, exemplifies the adaptability of transnational jihadist networks. Initially united against the Soviet invasion, the group attracted foreign fighters, including Osama bin Laden, who aimed to defeat foreign oppressors and establish a global Islamic...